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Compartment model and statistical moment model are important theories of pharmacokinetics. However, they have obvious limitations due to the influence of drug distribution. Sometimes, the demarcation point between the distribution phase and the elimination phase of the compartment model is difficult to determine, which results in inconvenience for its application. The nature of zero order moment, AUC of statistical moment model, is blood drug concentration, but not drug amount in the body. For drugs of two-compartment or multi-compartment models, the results reflect alterations in blood drug concentration, not necessarily changes in the amount of drug in the body. In the slow and steady intravenous drip, the drug distribution in the body is basically balanced, and the alteration of blood drug concentration can reflect the alteration of drug amount in the body. Over 5 half-life, the blood drug concentration basically reaches a stable status. And the alteration of the blood drug concentration only reflects the drug elimination. For first-order kinetic drugs, the elimination rate constant (K) can be calculated by linear regression according to the elimination rule (lnC=lnC0-Kt). And then, the half-life (t1/2), the amount of drug in the body, the apparent distribution volume (Vd), and the clearance rate (CL) can be calculated successively. During slow and constant velocity intravenous dripping, drug amount is proportional to blood drug concentration in the body. And there is an exponential relationship between the blood drug concentration and time [Ct=C0+(Css-C0) (1-e-Kt)]. The first-order exponential regression is performed between Ct and t to calculate elimination threshold concentration (C0), steady blood drug concentration (Css) and K. Then, t1/2, steady drug amount (Ass), Vd and CL are calculated. The distributed equilibrium model avoids the interference of drug distribution, and is closer to reality.
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In the progress of the new healthcare reform, China has carried out a series of reform exploration in the drug distribution system.But fluctuating markups of drugs are still the main cause of high drug price.In order to simplify the distribution procedure, the National Health and Family Planning Commission proposed to encourage the implementation of two-receipt system nationwide.As the important part of the price system of drug circulation, drug distribution system made a great impact on the implementation of two-receipt system policy.Focusing on two provinces namely Fujian and Shaanxi provinces, this paper will discuss the typical drug distribution system in china.This paper has evaluated the main body and operation pattern in the implementation of two-receipt system, and by analyzing the benefits and drawbacks, in the same provinces.It has put forward the optimized distribution mode and provided policy suggestions for strengthening the two-receipt distribution system.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide policy recommendations for optimizing medicines distribution system reform in China.METHODS:Literature review and field investigation were used to mapping the medicines distribution system. Problems and influ-ential factors were analyzed and policy recommendations for optimizing the medicines distribution system reform were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Medicines distribution system has been undergoing a rapid development and transformation under the overall health system reform. Most medicines distributors are still with small scale,low concentration,high cost,low profitabil-ity,lack of core competence, development of new form facing challenges. A large number of drug distributors still follow the tradi-tional business model,know little about modern drug supply chain management,and not understand their appropriate roles under the new social and economic development. Medical E-commerce face both opportunities and challenges in the process of develop-ing. Drug distribution industry needs vertical and horizontal integration, speeds up the socialization of the third party logistics and the healthy development of the medical electricity supplier, improves and perfects the drug distribution supervision system which is suitable for the healthy development of new form.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide basic industrial research and development recommendations for the supply-side structural reform in drug distribution in China. METHODS:Structure-conduct-performance(SCP)analysis paradigm from Harvard was used for in-depth study of market structure,business conduct and business performance in China since 2010. RESULTS:Since 2010, drug distribution industry in China had shown the scale of decline in the growth rate,low market concentration,increased barriers to entry,the leading of state-owned capital,etc. Though corporate mergers and acquisitions and public financing expanded the scale,management information,third-party logistics,Internet+and pharmacy alliance business model flourished,the industry op-erating performance was poor,state-owned enterprises showed poor performance. CONCLUSIONS:The transformation and upgrad-ing of the industry business model should be promoted by targetedly accelerating the supply-side structural reforms in the drug distri-bution industry,encouraging corporate finance mergers,breaking local protectionism,developing cooperative pharmacies and phar-maceutical third-party logistics alliances and leveraging the Internet.
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Objective To evaluate the implementation of hospital pharmacy distribution for inpatient pharmacy services , with impact on understanding investigation for ward nurse awareness of the drug storage management ,and to optimize ward base drug administration .Methods By improving the drug delivery service process in a hospital ward ,the statistical base vari-ety and number of the base drugs were counted two years in 2012 and in 2014 respectively ;with a questionnaire analysis in ward nurses on base drug awareness and drug management situation .Results After the drug distribution process optimization , time that nurses receive medicines from pharmacies decreased from 90 min to 20 min;base ward drugs from 2012 of 16 catego-ries ,237 varieties ,down to 2014 of 13 categories ,209 species .Questionnaire survey results showed that the ward nurse awareness of drug administration should be improved further .Conclusion By optimizing the drug distribution process ,reduced storage ward medicines can increase the time nurses for patients and services as well as reduce the risk faced by the ward base drug administration .
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OBJECTIVE: To establish and optimize in vitro lipolysis model, and then to study griseofuvin(GRI) distribution during in vitro lipolysis of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems(SNEDDSs). METHODS: The lipolysis rate and extent of triglyceride (TG)were two index for in vitro lipolysis model optimization. The partitioning of GRI into lipolysis phases (aqueous phase, pellet phase, lipid phase) was exploited to investigate the impact of structure and lipid loaded of TG on GRI distribution of SNEDDSs in vitro lipolysis. RESULTS: The optimal lipolysis model at the start of the experiment was as follows: 800 U · mL-1 Pancreatin extract, 5/1.25 mmol · L-1 NaTDC/PC micelle and 50 mmol · L-1 Trizma maleate. The addition way of Ca2+ for medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) were fixed addition 5 mmol · L-1 and continuous addition 0.008 mmol · min-1, respectively. With the same amount of TG in SNEDDSs, percent content of GRI in aqueous phase of LCT-SNEDDS was higher than MCT-SNEDDS. When TG loaded doubled, GRI in aqueous phase of LCT-SNEDDS significantly increased by 32.4%, and which of MCT-SNEDDS raised only 5.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The lipolysis rate and extent of TG were correlated with its structure and composition of TG and in vitro lipolysis model. Compared to GRI-SNEDDS without lipolysis, during in vitro lipolysis GRI had transferred to aqueous phase, pellet phase and lipid phase from which was only dispersed in emulsion droplet. And the distribution of GRI during in, vitro lipolysis depended on the composition and loading rate of TG in SNEDDS. These results may provide useful references to study the absorption mechanism of SNEDDS.
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Introducción: la Droguería Villa Clara es la encargada de la distribución de medicamentos, reactivos y otros insumos médicos en esta provincia de Cuba. Mantiene relaciones comerciales con gran variedad de clientes, pero los más importantes son los pertenecientes al Sistema de Salud. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del servicio brindado por esta entidad a los hospitales, policlínicos y farmacias de la provincia durante el 2008 y el 2009. Métodos: se conformó una muestra representativa de estas instituciones en todos los municipios de Villa Clara y se aplicaron encuestas al personal responsable de medicamentos en cada tipo unidad. Se determinó el índice de satisfacción para cada cliente encuestado en particular, así como para policlínicos, hospitales y farmacias en sentido general. Por otra parte, se determinó el índice de satisfacción alcanzado de forma global por la droguería en cada año evaluado. Resultados: el servicio brindado por la Droguería Villa Clara durante el 2008 y el 2009 fue calificado como bueno, con una mejora palpable al obtenerse índices de satisfacción que variaron de 84,2 por ciento en el 2008 a 88,3 por ciento en el 2009. Conclusiones: los clientes del proceso de distribución de medicamentos, perciben la disponibilidad de medicamentos como el problema fundamental de la distribución en la provincia
Introduction: Villa Clara Drugstore is in charge of the distribution of drugs, reagents, and other medical inputs in this Cuban province. It has commercial relations with a wide variety of clients, but the most important ones are those within the health system. Objective: to evaluate the quality of service rendered by this entity to hospitals, polyclinics and pharmacies in the province in 2008 and 2009. Methods: a representative sample from these institutions in all Villa Clara municipalities was selected and the personnel in charge of medications in each unit was surveyed. Satisfaction index for each surveyed client was determined as well as the overall satisfaction index for policlinics, hospitals, and pharmacies. On the other hand, the overall satisfaction index in each assessed year was estimated. Results: the service offered by Villa Clara Drugstore in the years 2008 and 2009 was qualified as good, with tangible improvement since the satisfaction indexes increased from 84,8 percent in 2008 to 88,8 percent in 2009. Conclusions: the clients consider that the drug availability is the main distribution problem in the province
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Cuba , HistoryABSTRACT
This study prospectively examined the intranasal distribution of nasal spray after nasal septal correction and decongestant administration.A cohort of 20 patients was assessed for the distribution of nasal spray before and after nasal septum surgery.Sprays were dyed and administered one puff per nostril when patients hold their head up in an upright position.Before and after decongestant administration,the intranasal distribution was semi-quantitatively determined by nasal endoscopy.The results showed that the dyed drug was preferentially sprayed onto the nasal vestibule,the head of the inferior turbinate,the anterior part of septum and nasal floor.As far as the anterior-inferior segment of the nasal cavity was concerned,the distribution was found to be influenced neither by the decongestant nor by the surgery (P＞0.05).However,both the decongestant and surgery expanded the distribution to the anatomical structures in the superior and posterior nasal cavity such as olfactory fissure,middle turbinate head and middle nasal meatus.No distribution was observed in the sphenoethmoidal recess,posterior septum,tail of inferior turbinate and nasopharynx.It was concluded that nasal septum surgery and decongestant administration significantly improves nasal spray distribution in the nasal cavity.
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The effects of the type of plasticizers and concentration of active substance on skin permeation properties of DHEA from patches were studied. The results showed that propylen glycol (as a plasticizer) could improve the skin permeation rate of DHEA significantly comparing with medium chain triglycerid. When the concentrations of DHEA in the patch increased, the skin permeation rates of DHEA increased linearly until DHEA solubility saturates in the matrix. But while the concentrations of DHEA in the patch were higher, DHEA could change in to the crystalline form that makes decreasing of the skin permeation rate of DHEA
Subject(s)
Dehydroepiandrosterone , Pharmaceutical PreparationsABSTRACT
Objective:To compare the ocular tissue concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbit's eyes after topically and subconjunctivally administrated with levofloxacin (LVFX).Methods:The concentrations of LVFX in the cornea,aqueous humor,iris-ciliary body,lens and vitreous at different times were measured by high performance liquid chromatography after 0.3% LVFX were topically and subconjunctivally administrated into rabbits.Results:The penetration of LVFX into the cornea,iris-ciliary body,lens and vitreous after subconjunctival injection was significantly higher than that of topically applied one( P
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Aim To investigate subcellular distribution and accumulation of ADR in the sensitive and multidrug-resistant HL-60 cells and its relation to multidrug resistance.Methods The subcellular distribution and accumulation of ADR were studied by confocal scanning laser microscope and flow cytometry.The effects of verapamil,BSO,brefeldin A and chloroquine on ADR distribution and accumulation in HL-60/ADR cells were also examined.Rhodamine123,NBD-ceramide and neutral red were used as fluorescent probes to stain the mitochondria,Golgi apparatus and lysosomes respectively were used to identify the subcellular compartments where ADR was sequestered.Results In drug-sensitive cell line HL-60,ADR fluorescence distributed evenly in the nucleus and cytoplasm,while in multidrug-resistant cell line HL-60/ADR,ADR fluorescence distributed in a punctated pattern in the cytoplasm and was reduced in the nucleus.The mode of ADR distribution in HL-60/ADR cells is highly similar to that of NBD-ceramide.BSO and brefeldin A,instead of verapamil and chloroquine could reverse the abnormal distribution and accumulation of ADR in HL-60/ADR cells.Conclusions The change of ADR distribution and reduction of ADR accumulation in multidrug-resistant cell line was involved in the mechanism of multidrug resistance.
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The object of this study was to compare the drug administration errors on a ward using unit dose drug administration with a control ward using the traditional drug distribution system. Data were collected both before and after using the unit dose drug distribution system between February and May 1994. Single blind study was used in the data collection and data were collected by observation using a proven form and inappropriate work systems on the wards. The study showed that on using the unit dose drug distribution system on the experimental ward for eight weeks, drug administration errors were significantly decreased; average drug administration errors which had been 28.20% when using the traditional drug distribution system fell to 6.88% when using the unit dose drug distribution system. The three leading types of drug administration errors were omission error, wrong dose error and unauthorized drug error. N the unit dose drug distribution system these error rate were 5.74%, 1.00% and 0.14% respectively whereas rates in the traditional drug distribution system were 16.00%, 5.68% and 6.31% respectively. The major causes of drug administration errors in the two drug distribution systems were personnel errors, unskilled staff and inappropriate work systems on the wards.
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Fractionation of methanolic extracts of air dried aerial parts of Parthenium resulted in the isolation of a toxic constituent which was identified as parthenin, the major sesquiterpene lactone from the weed. The LD50 (minimal lethal dose required to cause 50% mortality) for parthenin in rats was 42 mg/kg body weight. When [3H]-parthenin was given orally or by intravenous administration, radioactivity appeared in the milk of lactating laboratory and dairy animals. Tissue distribution of radioactivity revealed that maximum label was detectable in kidneys.